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| Petroleum extraction ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Extraction of petroleum
The extraction of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth.
==Locating the oil field==
Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures under the ground (). However, "passive" methods that extract information from naturally-occurring seismic waves are also known.〔(A technology web site of a passive - seismic based company )〕
Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also sometimes used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into the underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the "mudlogger") will note its presence. Such a "mudlogger" is known to be sitting on the rig. Historically, in the USA, some oil fields existed where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in certain places in Alaska. Often many wells (called ''multilateral wells'') are drilled into the same reservoir, to ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable. Also, some wells (''secondary wells'') may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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